Gender Stereotypes And Gender Roles Essay - 2036 Words

From a young age, children are surrounded by influences that shape how they come to understand the world around them. With the formation of schemas during early childhood comes along the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles that have an impact on how children come to understand their own gender identity. Environmental factors such as peers, the media, and even parents perpetuate stereotypes through their own actions. Children come to understand gender during development through experiences that are shaped by their environment and perpetuated by their culture, which ultimately encourages gender stereotypes and conformity to gender roles. Children are born into a world that is already built upon gender stereotypes and gender roles. From a young age, children are already forming schemas about what it means to be a boy or a girl (Bem, 598). Psychologists Hilary Halpern and Maureen Perry-Jenkins defined gender as the â€Å"sociocultural expectations about the meaning of being male or female as it is constructed and enacted through experience within a social context† (1). The existence of a concept of gender creates gender stereotypes which researchers describe as the beliefs and expectations that surround gender (Halpern Perry-Jenkins, 1). Stereotypes are a direct outcome of our tendencies to categorize and label the world around us and based off children’s experiences they develop schemas onto which these stereotypes will develop (Martin Halverson, 1120).Show MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles Essay1415 Words   |  6 PagesRoles are often assigned to boys and girls in accordance with the sex assigned at birth. We refer to these as gender roles. Gender roles begin to be imposed as early as birth. The nursery in the hospital assigns either a blue name plate for a boy or a pink name plate for a girl. These roles are continuously reinforced by family. Children learn at an early age that boys and girls are different. Children observe gender roles and in many cases these roles are eventually accepted as an unquestionableRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Stereotypes Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesProspectus: Gender roles and gender stereotypes in advertising My position: I believe advertisements that reinforce female gender roles and stereotypes are damaging to society. 2. Non-favorable Incidents: The examination of the â€Å"Victoria’s Secret† ad for a line of undergarments labeled â€Å"The Showstopper.† The headline is â€Å"Show nothing but your shape,† and the image is a thin woman with big breasts staring seductively. The image clearly sets a tone that this is what is a stand of ideal beauty. AndRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles954 Words   |  4 Pages Gender can be a hot topic within cultures; a male or female does not want to be told that they can or cannot do something based on their gender. Every culture views gender roles differently, and some cultures are more serious about gender than others. Many times, male and female actions are determined by what a person has been taught is right; furthermore, gender roles are a set of societal norms that are the behaviors that a sex is generally known to do and what is considered accepted of a personRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1241 Words   |  5 PagesWe will never be able to control how gender stereotypes are formed. Gender roles were naturally created as a result of human evolution and the different modes of living that were adopted by humans. Humans, however remain the driving force behind reinforcing gender roles and stereotypes with different mediums. Such as television, art, and writing. In order to understand how gender is portrayed in contemporary American comedy this paper will analyze the characters from the television show, It’s AlwaysRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1261 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen expected to act a certain way depending on their sex. These societal expectations are called gender roles. (Rathus, 2010, p.447). These roles begin to develop even before a child is even out of the womb. A mother may decorate their nursery pink if they are having a daughter because â€Å"girls like pink,† and â€Å"boys like blue.† Gender roles should not be confused with gender stereotypes. A gender stereoty pe is a narrow way of thinking about how men and woman are obligated to behave. For example, men haveRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Stereotypes1102 Words   |  5 PagesDefined Gender Roles Creating a Lack of Reality in Children’s Literature Distinction is a concept that is learned at a very young age. It is used as a tool to distinguish between race, religion, language, age and especially gender. Where certain topics regarding race and religion may be considered more taboo, the definition of gender is always open for discussion but it is not always depicted in all forms of the word. Children can feel isolated if they cannot relate to individuals they look up toRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1246 Words   |  5 PagesGender roles are defined as the â€Å"widely accepted societal expectations about how males and females should behave† (Rathus, 2010). From gender roles, we, the people of society, are able to determine whether someone identifies as a male or a female. Both biological and social factors tend to determine what gender roles a person takes on. However, there are also gender stereotypes, which are â€Å"the fixed and oversimplified beliefs about the ways in which men and women ought to beha ve† (Rathus, 2010).Read MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1389 Words   |  6 PagesGender roles are set of societal norms dictating the types of behavior which are genrally considered acceptable , appropriate for people based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality. Gender roles are also determined by the prevailing cultural norms. The attitudes and expectations surrounding gender roles are not typically based on any inherent or natural gender differences, but on gender stereotypes, or oversimplified notions about the attitudes, traits, and behavior patterns of males andRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1845 Words   |  8 PagesTimes have changed; gender roles are no longer clearly defined Traditionally, gender has been defined as the state of being male or female but, recently society has begun to understand that gender is not the biological sex that you were born with but how you identify and express yourself. A persons gender can be male, female, neither, both or something completely different. People tend to see gender as black or white, or a box you can tick but gender does not have to conform to what our modern societyRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1076 Words   |  5 PagesGender stereotypes and gender roles are a largely contested issue in the modern world. Countries around the world have very different gender norms, though there are some recurrent patterns between many cultures. For most recurrent patterns there is a culture who does not abide by those gender norms. There is typically many good reasons for each recurrent pattern that makes sense from an evolutionary standpoint. There is also a significant difference in the way men and women are t reated. This is caused

Should Plastic Surgery Be A Severe Problem Essay

In today’s society we constantly see people not accepting the imperfections in themselves and others around them. It’s good to always look for ways to improve yourself but if you take it to a superficial route it can become a severe problem. Plastic surgery is an example of some form of cosmetic ‘improvement’ that can become a severe problem. Plastic surgeries used for cosmetics take place all over the world and it is not strictly limited to wealthier countries. A luxury such as this may be thought of being taken upon by mostly wealthier people, but Brazil is an example of a poorer country that has many plastic surgery operations. Having only a GDP of 11,208.08 USD (gross domestic product) per capita as of 2013, it is home to 13% of all plastic surgeries performed in the world. Compared to wealthier countries, such as Luxembourg, which has a GDP of 110,697.03 USD which only has 8% of total adults in the country having partaken in some form of plastic surge ry. So we see people regardless of wealth going to great lengths to fix their imperfections. We also see this in the stories â€Å"The Birth-Mark† and â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. The characters cannot accept the imperfections in their partners and the people around them which ultimately leads to their downfall. These two stories can be a useful insight of what is to come of this kind of lifestyle and way of thinking. The authors of these stories can be seen as speaking out against this kind behavior and using the boldest of climaxesShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Dangers of Cosmetic Surgery1084 Words   |  5 Pagesundergone cosmetic surgery, and I have heard numerous of stories about cosmetic surgery I feel prepared to speak about the issue. D. Propositional Statement: Cosmetic Surgery remains a problem in society because it carries a degree of risk such as psychological illness and severe side effects. I propose that people should take a more naturalistic approach and not consider cosmetic surgery. II. Body A. The first part of the problem is that people who undergo cosmetic surgeries are at higher riskRead MoreEffects Of Technology On Plastic Surgery1281 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology on Plastic Surgery Ludwig Wittgenstein ,a british philosopher,once said, â€Å"The human body is the best picture of the human soul.† Though this may be untrue, or widely disagreed with, it shows that people are judged by their appearance. But what if someone is born unattractive, should they stay that way for their entire life? If there is a cure to disfigurement, does that mean people should ignore it just because it’s frowned upon? According to the world book encyclopedia,â€Å"Plastic surgery is aRead MorePlastic Surgery Addiction1100 Words   |  5 Pages3 May 2013 Plastic Surgery Addiction Every year society is bombed with thousands of images of beautiful models and celebrities. This â€Å"reality† affect the sub-conscientious of many people with low self-steam and fill the mind of men and women with insecurities about their body images. Plastic surgery appears as an easy solution to this matter, but actually, cosmetic surgery can be just the tip of the iceberg of a more complex issue related with body images problems. Plastic surgery is not alwaysRead MorePlastic Surgery Debate992 Words   |  4 PagesGroup 1 Plastic Surgery I. Introduction Plastic Surgery, or Cosmetic Surgery, is surgery that is unnecessary from a medical perspective, but is carried out to improve appearance. Cosmetic surgery is initiated by an individual who wants to change the physical appearance of a feature. Although in many cases their physical appearance is normal, they may wish to change the size of their breasts or the shape of their nose. An individual may also use cosmetic surgery to change disfigured body partsRead MoreEssay on Plastic Surgery for Teenagers953 Words   |  4 PagesPlastic Surgery is a controversial topic nowadays. Some men and women believe that plastic surgery is a great chance to have finally the body, face, and even romantic life always dreamed about. In the U.S. the plastic surgery television shows have made these ideas more popular and common than ever. Some men and women have other reasons for want plastic surgery Such as people who want plastic surgery have disfigurements to the face or body because of birth defects or genetic problems. The rise inRead MoreThe Media And Its Effects On Young Girls And Women1673 Words   |  7 Pagesphotoshopped to make it seem as her body is perfect, or she had plastic surgery to fit the idea of having the perfect body. The fact that the media thinks they’re encouraging young girls and women to embrace their beauty, they’re influencing them that they have to have a perfect body in order to get attention. The media has put a lot of pressure on young girls and women to look perfect and second guess their bodies, when plastic surgery is never the answer to build their self-esteem up. The mediaRead MorePlastic Surgery And Cosmetic Surgery1496 Words   |  6 PagesPlastic surgery has become an extremely popular trend throughout the past years of the American culture. There are many reasons why people get plastic surgery, however, our society is the first to judge an individual for getting a procedure done. The controversy regarding plastic surgery is extremely relevant and has received major attention through celebrities, television, and social media. However, many individuals are unaware that there is a difference between both plastic surgery and cosmeticRead MoreInformative Speech : Plastic Surgery819 Words   |  4 PagesOUTLINE Topic: Plastic Surgery Specific purpose: Allowing people to know the pros and cons of plastic surgery. Thesis: The cosmetic, issues, and beauty. We need to understand every possible outcome while considering plastic surgery. Introduction I. Attention-getter: Modern plastic surgeons can alter almost any aspect of physical appearance, from facial features to body shape. II. Credibility statement: According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 14.6 million plastic surgery proceduresRead MoreEssay on Popularity of Plastic Surgery1017 Words   |  5 Pagescosmetic surgery† (medicalnews.com). Plastic surgery is becoming a way for people to escape there insecurities, but is that the main reason why cosmetic procedures have been increasing in popularity over the years? Plastic surgery is â€Å"a reconstructive surgery to a variety of operations performed in order to repair or restore body parts to look normal or to change a body part to look better† (answers.com). I believe there are three main reasons why more Americans are resulting to plastic surgery. MoreRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you hear the phrase â€Å"Plastic Surgery† what comes to mind? Maybe dangerous, and risky, or do you think about the scalpel and all the cutting and all the blood? I myself think about how it’s only for r ich celebrities who have a couple extra hundreds of thousands of dollars to spend. We have a bad habit of overlooking all the good things that plastic surgery can achieve. From life altering surgeries and saving lives, by highly qualified surgeons, to giving people more confidence and getting rid

IT Ethics Shares of Science Papers Free Online to Spread Knowledge

Question: Discuss about the IT Ethics Researcher Illegally Shares Millions of Science Papers Free Online to Spread Knowledge. Answer: Researcher Illegally Shares Millions of Science Papers Free Online to Spread Knowledge IT ethics is the branch of the ethical studies which focuses on ethical behavior in the realm of computer technology. It refers to the ethical considerations regarding the social impact of computer technology. It is a new branch of ethical studies and pertains to the development and justification of ethical theories in the cyberspace. The computer ethics refers to the personal and social impact of computer technology for the development of ethical policies. The ethical theories assure that the IT professionals do not misuse their technological knowledge and skills. It is the practice of differentiating wrong and right in information technology. The present paper evaluates the ethical issue of related to the online publishing of the journal articles. A researcher in Russia, Elbakyan has published more than 48 million journal articles online free. The site is named Sci-Hub which is a pirated site for the science world. It can be critiqued that the knowledge and the journal articles are not the property of a single person and the general public must be able to access the articles without paying any fees. Another issue in sites like Elsevier is that the fees obtained from the users is not transferred to the scholars who have published their articles but to the company itself. It is in contrast to other art and media companies, wherein a portion of the fees obtained by the companies is transferred to the performing artists. Another ethical question in the excessive charging of fees is that whether it is assisting the science to progress or hindering it. The excessive charging of fees hinders the basic right of the human beings to enjoy the cultural life and share in scientific advancements and its benefits (Macdonald, 2016). According to the utilitarian perspective, net neutrality can be categorized as an immoral action. Utilitarian philosophers states that the morality of an action can be judged according to its consequences on the public and different stakeholders (Barrow, 2015). The basis of this philosophy is on the utility theory which judges an action according to its utility for the society. Accordingly, if an action has overall good outcomes on the society and the public, it can be categorized as a morally justified action (Mill, 2006). Sci-hub is bringing to the general public the scientific achievements of the prominent scholars. It is also contributing to the growth of the scientific research by increasing the accessibility to the recent researches. The utilitarian perspective states that the organization should thee action should be judged according to its consequences on the society. The companies like Elsevier are charging excessive fees from the readers and people who are interested in the scientific advancements. This fee is obtained and used by the company and not transferred to the scholars who have worked hard for the publication and the research. Therefore, act of charging fees from the users is selfish and cannot be considered as morally justified. However, when examining the action with the deontological philosophy, it could be stated that the action is morally incorrect. This ethical theory states that a person must abide by law and rules irrespective of the situation (Haidt, 2012). This ethical perspective gives least significance to the consequences of the action and states that a person must abide by the law. According to this theory, there are different cultures and each person follow different ethical principles. When a person follows a specific ethical perspective, he must abide by all of its rules (Timmons, 2012). According to this theory, the people should have the freedom to access whichever website they want and should be able to access all the content without any restrictions. However, obtaining the access rights from pirated sited or in a wrong manner is completely unjustified. It can be critiqued that although sci-hub is doing an ethical work of bringing the work of thousands of scholars to the public, it is doin g it with unethical means. Therefore, the organization is conducting business unethically, in spite of the good intentions of the owners. Therefore, the action can be categorized as unethical when examining with the perspective of deontological ethical theory. The virtue ethics is another ethical perspective which states that a person judges an action according to his local environment and the upbringing. It emphasizes the role of the individual character and the virtues rather than the utility perspective and doing ones duty. The virtue ethics do not provide any guidance for the ethical behavior as it states that there is no other guidance rather than the ethical behavior (Jacobs, 2008). It does not emphasize the rules, consequences and particular acts; however, focuses on the virtue of a person who is acting. It emphasizes on the motives of acting person (Hinman, 2012). When a person acts on virtue, he acts on a particular motivation. According to this ethical theory, the people should follow virtuous behavior. It can be states that according to this theory, the action of providing access to the journal articles published in international journals is unethical. The publication of articles in different journal takes a lot of efforts. More over, before publication, these articles are needed to be reviewed by the academicians. The scholars also have to do a lot of research for the publication in the journal articles. The academic database like Elsevier charges the users with fees for these efforts. It can be stated that from the perspective of these organizations, the charging of fees is ethical and justified. Although the fees is not transmitted to the academicians who have engaged in the research, other people who have contributed to the publication of the research paper and assisted in the research get benefits from it. The fees is also justified as the organization has to maintain a number of staff for maintaining the database electronically. The social contract theory states that the moral or the political obligation of a person is dependent upon the contract or agreement of the person with the society in which they live. The theory states that in a society, people live together by forming some agreements that establish moral and political rules. According to this theory, people behave in a specific way as they form social contracts with other members of the society and not because some other person is requesting it (Waluvhow, 2003). The social contracts can be explicit or implicit, such as the constitution of a country is explicit example of social contract whereas manners and the social norms are the examples of the implicit social contract. According to the social contract theory, the action of Sci-hub is morally correct. According to this theory, people create social contracts with the society and behave accordingly. An individual has responsibility towards the society in which he is residing. It is also important to share the benefits of the scientific innovation and discovery with other people. According to this theoretical perspective, the action of providing free access to the users in the scientific database is a good action. It is not only essential for providing free access; it will also foster further innovation and research. As a whole, this action will be beneficial for the society (Sher, 2012). It can be concluded that the action of Sci-hub will be beneficial for the society and morally correct when examined through the perspective of utilitarianism and social contract theory. On the other hand, when the same action is examined from the perspective of deontological ethics and virtue ethics, it can be stated that the action is unethical. References Mill, J.S. (2006). Utilitarianism. ReadHowYouWant.com. Barrow, R. (2015). Utilitarianism: A Contemporary Statement. Routledge. Timmons, M. (2012). Moral Theory: An Introduction. Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Sher, G. (2012).Ethics: Essential Readings in Moral Theory. Routledge. Hinman, L.M. (2012). Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Cengage Learning. Jacobs, J. (2008). Dimensions of Moral Theory: An Introduction to Metaethics and Moral Psychology. John Wiley Sons. Haidt, J. (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. Penguin UK. Waluvhow, W.J. (2003). The Dimensions of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethical Theory. Broadview Press. MacDonald, F. (2016). Researcher Illegally Shares Millions of Science Papers Free Online to Spread Knowledge. Science Alert. Retrieved on 14 May, 2017 from https://www.sciencealert.com/this-woman-has-illegally-uploaded-millions-of-journal-articles-in-an-attempt-to-open-up-science

Mitotic Index Lab Report Sample

Mitotic Index Lab Report Paper The majority of cells were in enterprise, as seen in the graph and charts above, while the rest were in other phases. Conclusion and Evaluation: As expected, the results from the Mitotic Index Lab show that most cells were in enterprise meanwhile there were not many cells in the other four phases. This goes to show that this stage is relatively long while the other ones are not as long since there were not as many cells in those stages as shown in the graph and tables. Although a Mitotic Index can be used for educational purposes it can also be used in cancer tumor diagnosis. For example, a person who does not have cancer will not have as many cells undergoing mitosis compared to the amount of cells that are in enterprise. However if a person with cancer is examined, results will show that there are more cells that are going through mitosis compared to the cells that are in enterprise. This is because cancer cells grow repeatedly and more frequently than normal cells. This lab has two limitations. One limitation is that only cells that are stained will be visible and the one that are not stained will not be looked at because it will be hard to determine what stage the cell is in. The second limitation is that some cells can be dead or dying meaning that it is harder to verify how many cells are going through a specific stage in the cell cycle. Modifications that can help get more accurate results include looking at a more than one slide and observing more cells. We will write a custom essay sample on Mitotic Index Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mitotic Index Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mitotic Index Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Stalins Five-year plan essays

Stalin's Five-year plan essays Joseph Stalin, leader of Russia (1928-1953), created a Five-Year Plan that included methods and goals which were detrimental to Russian agriculture in 1928. Stalin wanted to transform individual farms into large collective farms because he saw that the government was losing money to private traders. This required that the majority of farmers would have to work and live together on large state-run farms. Through these farms Stalin hoped to increase agricultural productivity, to create grain reserves for Russia, and to free many peasants for industrial work in the cities. In order to begin collectivization Stalin had about 5 million wealthier peasants, or kulaks, deported and/or killed and their equipment and livestock sent to collective farms. Many of the remaining peasants were forced into collective farms to work where they faced disease, starvation, and death. The effects of Stalin's collectivization resulted in mass disruption of agricultural productivity and incalculable hu man losses. The decision to collectivize the farming sector had its origins in the grain crisis of 1928. Private traders offered better grain prices than the government did . "It was calculated that the prices of agricultural products in private trade, which in 1927-1928 exceeded the official prices by about 40 per cent, were almost double the official prices in the following year" . Due to the increase in private trade, the government began providing bread cards to workers only . Stalin realized a new system had to be devised in order to protect the governments' interests. One problem that was suppose to be solved through the Five-Year Plan was the methods of farming. Only two methods of farming were recognized in the Plan, the state farms and the co-operative farms. The state farm, also known as solkhozes, "contained the state-employed peasants, whose produce was directly destined for the State" . The co-operative farms, otherwise known as...

Chinas First Historically Documented Walled Cities

Chinas First Historically Documented Walled Cities Shang Dynasty cities were the first historically documented urban settlements in China. The Shang Dynasty [c 1700–1050 B.C.E.] was the first Chinese dynasty to leave written records, and the idea and function of cities took on an elevated importance. The written records, mostly in the form of oracle bones, record the actions of the last nine Shang kings and describe some of the cities. The first of these historically-recorded rulers was Wu Ding, the twenty-first king of the dynasty. The Shang rulers were literate, and like other early urban dwellers, the Shang employed a useful calendar and wheeled vehicles, and practiced metallurgy, including objects of cast bronze. They used bronze for such items as vessels for ritual offerings, wine, and weapons. And they resided and ruled from large, wealthy urban settlements. Urban Capital Cities of Shang China The early cities in the Shang (and the predecessor Xia dynasty) were imperial capitals- called palace-temple-cemetery complexes- that acted as the administrative, economic, and religious centers of government. These cities were built within fortification walls which provided defense. Later walled cities were county (hsien) and provincial capitals. The earliest Chinese urban centers were located along the banks of the middle and lower courses of the Yellow River in northern China. Since the course of the Yellow River has changed, modern maps of the ruins of the Shang Dynasty locations are no longer on the river. At the time, some of the Shang were probably still pastoral nomads, but most were sedentary, small-village agriculturists, who kept domesticated animals and raised crops. There the already-large Chinese populations over-cultivated the originally fertile land. Because China developed the techniques of using rivers for irrigation of their fields later than in the heavily trade-networked Near East and Egypt, fortified cities appeared in China more than a millennium earlier than in Mesopotamia or Egypt- at least, thats one theory. Besides irrigation per se, sharing ideas via trade routes was important to the development of civilization. Indeed, trade with tribes in the central Asian steppes may have brought one of the other components of urban culture, the wheeled chariot, to China. Aspects of Urbanism Defining what makes for a city in terms relevant for ancient China, as well as elsewhere, American archaeologist K.C. Chang wrote: Political kingship, a religious system and hierarchy that coupled with it, segmentary lineages, economic exploitation of many by a few, technological specialization and sophisticated achievements in art, writing, and science. The layout of the cities shared that of other ancient urban areas of Asia, similar to ones in Egypt and Mexico: a central core with the surrounding area divided into four regions, one for each of the cardinal directions. The Shang City of Ao The first clearly urban settlement of ancient China was called Ao. The archaeological ruins of Ao were discovered in 1950 C.E., so near the modern city of Chengchou (Zhengzhou) that the current city has hampered investigations. Some scholars, including Thorp, suggest that this location is really Bo (or Po), an earlier Shang capital than Ao, founded by the founder of the Shang Dynasty. Assuming it really is Ao, it was the 10th Shang Emperor, Chung Ting (Zhong Ding) (1562–1549 B.C.E.), who built it on the ruins of a Neolithic settlement dated to the Black pottery period. Ao was a rectangularly-walled city with fortifications like those that had surrounded villages. Such walls are described as ramparts of pounded earth. The city of Ao extended 2 km (1.2) from north to south and 1.7 km (1 mi) from east to west, yielding an area of about 3.4 square kilometers (1.3 square miles), which was large for early China, but small compared to comparably dated Near Eastern cities. Babylon, for instance, was roughly 8 sq km (3.2 sq km). Chang says the walled area was roomy enough to include some cultivated land, although probably not the peasants. Factories for making bronze, bone, horn, and ceramic objects and foundries and what may have been a distillery were mostly located outside the walls. The Great City Shang The best-studied Shang Dynasty city is the 14th century B.C.E. city of Shang, which was built, according to tradition, by the Shang ruler Pan Keng, in 1384. Known as the Great City Shang (Da Yi Shang), the 30–40 sq km city may have been located about 100 mi (160 km) north of Ao and near Anyang north of the village of Hsiao Tun. An alluvial plain created from Yellow River loess deposits surrounded Shang. Irrigated water from the Yellow River provided relatively reliable harvests in an otherwise semi-arid area. The Yellow River created a physical barrier on the north and east and part of the west. On the west was also a mountain range providing protection and, Chang says, probably hunting grounds and timber. Fortifications and Other City-Typical Objects Just because there were natural boundaries doesnt mean Shang was without a wall, although evidence of a wall has yet to be discovered. Within the central parts of the city were palaces, temples, cemeteries, and an archive. Houses were made with walls of pounded earth with light poles for roofs covered with rush matting and all plastered with mud. There were no grander structures than those made of wattle and daub, although Chang says there might have been two-story buildings. The Great City Shang was the capital- at least for ancestor worship/ritual purposes- for 12 Shang Dynasty kings, unusually long for the Shang Dynasty which is said to have changed its capital many times. During the period of the 14 predynastic Shang lords, the capital changed eight times, and in the period of the 30 kings, seven times. The Shang (at least in the later period) practiced sacrifice and ancestor worship, with mortuary rituals. The Shang dynasty king was theocrat: his power came from the peoples belief that he could communicate with the high god Ti via his ancestors. Small Earlier Chinese Cities Recent archaeological excavations have determined that remains in Sichuan, previously thought to have been from the Han Dynasty, actually date from as early as c. 2500 B.C.E. Such sites were smaller complexes than the ones from the three dynasties but may have held a primary position among Chinese cities. Updated by K. Kris Hirst and N.S. Gill Sources:​ Lawler A. 2009. Beyond the Yellow River: How China Became China. Science 325(5943):930-935. Lee YK. 2002. Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History. Asian Perspectives 41(1):15-42. Liu L. 2009. State Emergence in Early China. Annual Review of Anthropology 38:217-232. Murowchick RE, and Cohen DJ. 2001. Searching for Shang’s Beginnings: Great City Shang, City Song, and Collaborative Archaeology in Shangqui, Henan. Review of Archaeology 22(2):47-61.

Do Mobile Applications Creat Faster Interfaces than Mobile Website Essay

Do Mobile Applications Creat Faster Interfaces than Mobile Website Design - Essay Example The two popular ways of accessing websites are mobile applications and mobile website design. The website design is a site that can re-design itself to fit various sizes of devices e.g. phones, tablets, desktops and others. An application is a program meant to accomplish a goal; it is downloaded by the user for use (Duckett 43). The design process involves the use of software to design a site. A two dimensional plane is used to help the creator imagine a site. The creator then defines actions to guide visitors of the site or app. The next step is to choose and mix colors and test the site (Myers 92). When creating the applicationWhen the application was used by a volunteer, it was found that the app provided a faster interface than the website. The browsing process was fast. The reason behind this is the fact that the application uses mainly UI elements. This means the application uses the data necessary only. This process saves on time. However, a complaint raised by the volunteer was that the application took a long time to launch. The time taken to launch the application will have to be reduced to increase efficiency. Maintenance of the app requires that it is frequently updated to keep up with new information relevant to the company or institution. Below is a screenshot of the coding

HRD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

HRD - Essay Example tation, staff training and development, performance management of employees, compensation arrangement and benefits and career development of the organization’s staff (Sims, 2007). Human resource planning is an organizational design that ensures that the future personnel of the organization needs will be met in the most appropriate and in a consistent manner. Through human resource planning, managers of the organization ensure that they acquire the right number of employees for the organization, and the most appropriate persons to fill the various positions in the organization at the right time. Kumar (2011) points out that this process seeks to acquire the most capable staff who can in an effective and most efficient manner handle the tasks assigned to them. An analysis of the internal factors of the organization reveals the current and expected skills requirements, vacancies and departmental expansions and reductions. Environmental factors survey shows the labour markets and use of information systems to build and maintain employee information. Human resource planning is incorporated within the strategic plan of the organization. Recruitment aims at acquiring the most appropriate applicants who match the criteria of the certain job. Employee recruitment is the process in which an organization locates, identifies, and attracts the most capable applicants for an advertised job position. It is involved in the development of a pool of successful candidates in accordance to the human resource plan of the organization (Gitman & McDaniel, 2009). Employee decruitment is however the technique for reducing the labour supply within the organization in cases of over staffing through firing, employee layoffs, transfers and retirements of both aged and yet to be aged employees. â€Å"Business Services Support† (2006)  advises that when recruiting employees for any position, certain considerations have to be put into place. Job description, which is part of the

Children learn Essay Example for Free

Children learn Essay The Guidance for the Foundation Stage Curriculum (2001) suggests that an appropriate curriculum for young children is a play-based curriculum, offering children a choice of play based activities and experiences. Siraj-Blatchford and Clarke (2000) agree that play has been well documented as a means by which young children learn.  Play is highly valued in the Early Years for its ability to stimulate and integrate a wide range of childrens intellectual, physical, cultural, social and creative abilities. (Siraj-Blatchford and Clarke 2000, p.76) However, unstructured play, in its purest sense, may cause a number of problems when providing suitable provision for children demonstrating hyperactive, impulsive or inattentive behaviour due to lack of structure and continual distraction. Kewley (1999,p.151) would agree when stating,   Unstructured situations such as playtime often cause problems for children with ADHDbecause of the over-reaction to the stimulus and their impulsive behaviour. Ballard (1997) defines an inclusive setting as one where differentness is an ordinary part of human experience. Indeed, differentiation is the key to effective teaching and learning. However, problems arise when the whole structure of the curriculum is inappropriate for the needs of a particular child. Cooper (1999) would agree that it is invaluable for the practitioner to be aware of the specific circumstances in which individual children perform best in order to plan for the learning needs of these children and suggests that some aspects of an Early Years curriculum may aggravate symptoms of ADHD when stating, Children with ADHD can become overwhelmed by the massive over stimulation they experience in a group situation and through free-play activity. (Cooper 1999, p.144)  In addition,  Barrow (in: Merton 1998) and Toothhill and Spalding (in: Sefton 2000) also found that children with ADHD responded better in highly structured lessons than less organised ones.  Children with ADHD are often hypersensitive to distraction. It is important, therefore, to ensure that they are seated in a place that is relatively free from distraction. (Cooper 1999, p.146) Thus, making the task of suitable inclusive provision difficult for practitioners in Early Years settings. However, many opportunities for structured, adult-directed play do exist within the Early Years. (Siraj-Blatchford and Clarke 2000) Games such as those with rules, card games, matching games, and outdoor games with balls all provide opportunities for adult-directed play and provide the child with instructions and guidance for playing the game, rules of turn taking and developing new information. In addition a play-based curriculum offers opportunities for high levels of adult support and encouragement and a kinaesthetic based approach to learning, which is a preferred style of learning for many children with ADHD. Kewley (1999,p.146) concurs, stating, Children with ADHD tend to be intuitive and need a practical approach to learning rather than a highly theoretical approach.  Research suggests however, that a high number of children with ADHD are not acknowledged as having SEN and instead their inappropriate behaviour highlighted as unsuitable candidates for mainstream settings. Hayden (1997) suggests that this attitude does not improve as the children enter formal education. Hayden researched children who had been excluded from primary school and found that children with ADHD are more likely that most to be excluded from school for behavioural reasons. This does appear at first glance to be surprising, when considering the evidence to suggest that a structured environment is more appropriate for a child with ADHD. Cooper (2005) offers an explanation for this however, and suggests that when considering the constructions of ADHD that, it is influenced by both biology and the social environment. Cooper infers that school plays a major part in the process of social constructions and indicates that children with ADHD are expected to conform to an unsuitable and ridged social framework and inappropriate curriculum when stating, Pupils from an early age are expected to internalise and behave in accordance with a set of rules that derive from constraints imposed by a teacher-centred, curriculum-focused method of teaching pupils in age related groups. (Cooper 2005,p.128)  Cooper also suggests that inappropriate teacher/child ratios may create social disorder problems that are met by a set of lineal rules, designed to regulate peer interaction and movement around school. Concluding that the majority of problems arise from an externally imposed age determined curricula as apposed to a negotiated curriculum. These findings are alarming when considering recent developments, legislation and guidance relating to children with SEN and may indicate that the behaviour aspect of children with ADHD is being used as a scapegoat strategy for settings who are not meeting the needs of these children.  When examining the issues surrounding ADHD it is clear that successful inclusion both in the Early Years and Primary school settings is problematic. On the one hand a play-based curriculum is the most suitable form of learning for the majority of young children and is endorsed in Early Years Settings, whilst on the other the symptoms that children with ADHD display suggest that such a curriculum would exasperate these symptoms. However, as previously discussed, some aspects of a play-based curriculum are preferable to the more formal approach of primary school. The PLA (2001) suggest once children have been admitted to the setting, an environment that is created should be one that encourages all children to flourish. Furthermore, Kewley (2001, p6) states the inclusion of children with ADHD is a moral imperative, however, Farrell and Polat (2003) argue that the inclusion of children with EBD has the potential to cause barriers to the government implementation of their policy of social inclusion. This would suggest that although differing levels of ability can be quiet easily catered for, behavioural and emotional differences are not as easily accommodated in educational settings. Visser and Stokes (2003) found that many people agreed with the inclusion of children with SEN, however when it came to children with EBD they were often denied inclusion due to their SEN. This supports the research undertaken by Hayden (mentioned previously) that children with ADHD are excluded from primary school due to behavioural reasons. The DfES (2006, p.1) suggest that children with ADHD can have an overwhelming affect in the setting when stating, pupils with ADHD present challenges for teachers, both in effective behaviour management and in keeping them focused on the task in hand. [online]  Teachers may feel threatened by having to deal with a child with ADHD, particularly if they have no training in the area and lack confidence, in addition to having to give instruction to a further 30 children or more. The parents of other children may feel that the attention has been drawn away from their children as more time needs to be spent dealing with disruptive outbursts and one to one tuition. All these factors effect the successful inclusion of children with ADHD. Swinson, Wolf and Meling however, disagree that these childrens needs would be addressed more effectively in special schools and conclude that there is much evidence of mainstream schools successfully including children with EBD and there was no evidence to suggest children with EBD benefit from special school. Rose (2002) found that teachers felt they could successfully include children with EBD, but only with additional classroom support. This may suggest a lack of confidence in their ability to meet the needs of children with ADHD in their care. Swinson, Wolf and Meling (2002) suggest that this view is not uncommon, they found that many teachers felt they were not sufficiently trained to meet the needs of inclusion. Another reason that teachers insist on additional classroom support may be due to the time and attention children with ADHD need. Newelle (2001) agree that children with EBD take up a lot of time and resources. All of the barriers above are not isolated to ADHD or indeed EBD they are general inclusion issues that have been successfully addressed throughout a majority of mainstream settings, particularly Early years settings. Albeit ADHD may manifest itself in differing ways and appear to centre around continuous, disruptive behaviour, for some leading to exclusion, however, all children with SEN should have their needs met and advice given by the DfES (2000) should apply to all children when stating,  Children with special educational needs all have learning difficulties that make it harder for them to learn than most children at the same age. These children may need extra or different help from that given to children of the same age [online] According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [online], ADHD can have long term effects on the childs ability to make friends and over time these children may develop emotional problems such as poor self-esteem and depression if the childs needs are not met. McEwan (1998) identifies emotional reactivity and conduct problems, which include symptoms such as a shot fuse due to getting easily frustrated, overreacting to things that happen, defiant behaviour, verbal hostility and angry outbursts. Fletcher-Campbell (2001) looks at the problems of children with EBD and suggests that these children alienate themselves from their peers, due to their behaviour. Thus, Some manifestations of the disorder tend to isolate children with ADHD from their peers, who will sometimes react with hostility to impulsive and hyperactive behaviour. This can result in long term difficulties in relation to other individuals and developing and sustaining relationships and the emotional problems that follow often exacerbate the struggle to learn. (Question Publishing 2003) [online] Effects of inattention and impulsivity causes children problems with turn taking and this suggests they often interrupt when others are talking or playing. (Cooper and ORegan (2001) In addition McEwan (1998) argues that children with ADHD can often be selfish and self-centred, which means they are likely to find it hard to make friends and build relationships. They are often unaware of social cues and do not worry about the consequences of their behaviour.

Psychological Effect Of Technology (Technophobia) :: Internet Technology Cyberspace

Psychological Effect Of Technology (Technophobia) Technology is taking over all aspects of life. Education, work and leisure are all becoming increasingly dependent on being able to interact with technology. But what of the academic or career prospects of those who do not want to interact with this technology? Before taking this class, I tried to avoid computers as much as possible. I didnt have any interest in cyberspace such as chatting, email, and gender swapping. Through this class, I had a chance to contact others through cyberspace. However, I still have a fear of computers. I decided that I want to know more about computers and cyberspace. I will first discuss cyberspace, then I will discuss about technophobia. Its well known that people say and do things in cyberspace that they wouldnt ordinarily say or do in the face-to-face world. The virtual world is quite different from the real world. People cant see a person in cyberspace. People cant see a persons facial expressions and body language. The sensory experience of encountering others in cyberspace-seeing, hearing, and combining seeing and hearing is limited. For the most part, people communicate through typed language. In cyberspace, people will probably never be able to physically interact with each other. There are no handshakes, pats on the back, hugs, or kisses. The limited sensory experiences of cyberspace have some significant disadvantages- as well as some unique advantages - as compared to in-person encounters. Since communicating only with typed text, people have the option of being themselves, expressing only parts of their identity, assuming imaginative identities, or remaining completely anonymous. Anonymity has a disinhibiting effect that cuts two ways. Sometimes people use it to act out some unpleasant need or emotion, often by abusing other people. Anonymity also allows them to be honest and open about some personal issue that they could not discuss in a face-to-face encounter. Sitting quiet and staring at the computer monitor can bring a person to an altered state of consciousness. Some people experience a blending of their mind with that of the other person. Some people experience a state of consciousness that resembles dreams. These altered and dream-like states of consciousness in cyberspace may account for why the Internet is so attractive for some people. It might also help explain some forms of computer and cyberspace addiction. In cyberspace, birds of a feather easily can flock together.

Corporate governance ethics Essay

Introduction Ethics is one of the principles that govern the operation of corporations. It is therefore important for corporations to observe it in order to remain relevant to the market, make profits, and expand their capacity. Corporate governance is entitled to direct all the operations of a corporation. It is the manner in which top management directs the corporation and so the stake holders are able to judge whether the company is operating in ethical manner or not. This paper will cover ethical problem that is as a result of poor corporate governance, dilemmas between stakeholders, law that applies to it and how strategies have been laid to solve the problem. The most common problem on corporate governance that I will discuss on this paper is evasion of tax and other problems that arise in the course of governing a company such as failure to corporate social responsibilities for example environmental pollutions and unfair remuneration of workers, cultural diversity and poor quality goods. These problems occur because of lack of ethical responsibility of top management when governing a corporation. Ethics on corporate governance When an entrepreneur develops a business idea, his main objective is that the business will be able to succeed through making a lot of profits. To ensure that a business idea succeeds and it is able to generate a lot of profits, entrepreneurs recruit the best management who will be able to steer his idea forward in line with ethical practises of the business industry (Arjoon, 2005). If the idea succeeds, the business expands and grows to large corporations that can run in a wide geographical location and even in the international market. At this level, management become complex and the company adapts different levels of management which direct the operations of the company and control everything that is undertaken in the company.   At this point, the company must have a governing body that manage the overall company practises. This is where the corporate governance is important so that the company is able to distribute all its responsibilities to different stakeholders such as managers, board of governors, suppliers, customers, creditors, auditor and share holders (Arjoon, 2005). In order to be able to control and direct all the stakeholders, ethics must be highly upheld in corporate governance. This will ensure that any decision making process involves all the stakeholders for ethical practises and that ethics are considered when delegating duties to each stakeholders to avoid conflicts and other mismanagement problems that may affect the company performance. Failure to ethical corporate governance perhaps is one of the greatest sources of many unexpected losses to corporations. Ethics also ensures that a business is able to follow e right way to do businesses without exploiting other businesses or populations in is environments.   In today’s competitive markets and business environment, a reputation of a business plays an important role as its marketing strategy through appealing stakeholders such as customers and creditors, which are integral part of business success. The stakeholders expect that business operations are steered in accordance to the best corporate governance whereby the top management bear the total responsibility. Therefore, corporate governance is the integral part of business success and so ethical values should be part of it. Not only should be the decision making process and policy formulation that should involve ethics in corporate governance, but also the way the top management behaves and carry themselves when executing their duties. In every business, the conduct of employees and its reputation are highly influenced by the leadership of the company. If the leaders show high professionalism such as integrity and transparency in work place the employees also try to copy them, which contribute to improved performance of the business and maintain its good reputation in the market (Arjoon, 2005). Today, most corporations are failing in their management due to failure to consider ethics when making major decisions, directing or controlling their activities. These failures are blamed on poor corporate governance that does not follow moral values of the company and stakeholders. For example, a number of corporations have been said to evade taxes, mistreat their workers by paying them unfair remunerations, producing inferior or substandard quality goods in the market and exploiting communities and other small companies in order to make profits. These practises are considered unethical traits of incompetent corporate governing and have led many corporations to trouble resulting to under performance or even prosecution. Many corporations carry out underground businesses with the aim to avoid part of their legal responsibility to pay taxes and other licences fees that are part of legal requirements. Although this is an ethical responsibility for any profit making company, it is becoming a major problem in business industry. According to Fà ¡tima, & Abreu, (2013) tax evasion is violation of moral values and norms (ethics) for financial and administrative behaviours that govern operations of a business. This has led to the he global business regulatory bodies such as world trade organizations and other corporate bodies to come up policies and rules that govern the operations of business so as to ensure that all the operating business operates in an ethical manner that is acceptable by all stakeholders. For this reasons policies have been developed, which acknowledge the responsibility of any business or corporate body to pay taxes and meet all other legal requirement of the state in which it operates all its businesses. For example, United States have developed laws such as foreign account tax compliance act, which ensures all financial organizations are able to pay their respective taxes.   Therefore it is the responsibility of any management or corporate governing body to ensure that it meets the requirements of the government where it operates its business as part of the right way (ethical) to carry its business. By this way, business corporate governance it said to be observing ethical practises. Most governments have lost billions of money through tax evasion. For example United States exempt corporations with subsidiary branches in foreign countries from tax. This has led to many corporations exploiting the opportunity in an illegal and unethical manner. Countries register their corporations as subsidiary branches in order to evade tax. Google and Apple have been the recent companies that have been discovered to have evaded a lot of taxes for United States. For example Apple is said to have avoided tax on $ 74 billion that it earned as profits between years 2009 and 2012 and Starbucks was accused for evading taxes in United Kingdom (UK) for three years in December 2012 (Evans, 2014). Although it is ethical for companies to pay taxes to their own government and foreign states where they operate, US 2004 law on corporation tax has encourage many companies to take part of unethical corporate governance (Mider, 2014). In addition, US have laws that allow it to penalize companies and corporate managements who avoid tax havens but this has not worked out. Therefore, it can be concluded that poor and unethical corporate governance has led to evasion of taxes for many corporations and small businesses across the world despite laws and policies that mandate them inn paying their taxes in honesty (Otusanya, Lauwo, & Ajibolade, 2013). The issue on tax payment on many corporations have been one of the main ethical dilemmas with most companies putting pressure on their chief executive officers (CEOs) not pay taxes while workers and general public demonstrate and condemn corporations that evade their taxes. For example public and workers demonstrated against Starbucks coffee Company in 2012 for evasion of taxes for three years in UK. Most of these dilemmas are cited on the ambiguous US laws on corporations operating in foreign countries. Most of the dilemmas have been taken to courts and legislation bodies for solutions. For example, Apple CEOs were taken stood before US senate to answer against evasion of $ 74 billion profits taxes (Evans, 2014). Other solutions have been obtained through agitation of public through mass demonstrations and condemnation of the corporations. This has seen some of the companies start paying taxes. Other dilemmas are being solved by perfection of tax payment laws so as to fill the loopholes that the corporations are taking advantage of in order to avoid their legal rights to pay taxes. US senate and other political leaders are coming up with legislations that ban corporations from avoiding tax. It has been a great problem for many corporations to carry out their operations in line with the communities living around the corporations through corporate social responsibilities (Nakano, 2007). For example, United Nations have published business reference guide for business on the rights of indigenous people in the environment that a business is established. Many corporations are the largest source of pollution and exploitation of resources in places where they operate without benefiting the communities living there. Therefore, global regulatory bodies require every business to participate in corporate social responsibilities. A good corporate governance ensures that it participate in projects that improve the lives of the communities living in its environments (Arjoon, 2005). It is the mandate of management to see that the communities are able to benefit with the employments opportunities, social responsibilities such as funding their projects, and protecting their environment. A company or a business that tend to avoid these responsibilities is said to be operating in unethical way and may be summoned by the international business regulatory bodies for exploiting the communities. Therefore it is ethical for every business to work in close consultations with the communities that form part of its stakeholders. On the other hand, a company that denies the communities employment opportunities does not participate on its social projects and play a major role in pollution of its environment is said to be operating in an unethical manner. This may provoke the regulatory bodies or even the government resulting in confiscation of its properties and cancelling of its licence. This is a blame on corporate governance as it is the top management that is held responsible for unethical operations. It is also the responsibility of top management to ensure that all employees, customers and other stakeholders are accorded equal respect. This will ensure that the corporation is able to carry all its responsibilities in consultation with all stakeholders, which is the ethical requirement of every business that is in operations and be able to offer competitive remunerations that meet the international labour laws (Pollack, 2011). However, most corporations exploit their worker paying them substandard wages in order to maximize their profits. This is against labour laws of many countries and industrial organizations.   Therefore, it is unethical for company to pay substandard wages as that is not the right way or requirement in business industry. Most multinational corporations have suffered big losses through poor corporate governance that does not consider its ethical responsibility in protecting the environment and communities living in their vicinity of operations. A recent example is Yaiguaje versus Chevron environmental dispute where the Ecuadorian plaintiff was awarded $ 9.5 billion. This was a big loss to the multinational corporation. Various states and international business organizations have also put up punitive measures that have seen many corporations incur a lot of losses but in the long run controlled from their unethical governance. In addition, European commission and European councils have enacted laws and policies that require companies affiliated to the commissions to give annual reports of their social responsibilities to the communities. This was aimed to reduce the number of companies that are exploiting communities and taking part in environmental pollution that is causing world a lot of money. This also defines what is right way for corporations to govern their operations. Therefore, corporate social responsibility has become an ethical requirement of every company or business in operation. Other legal requirements for companies include international criminal law, corporate governance, and labour standards (Tully, 2012). In addition, it has been a challenge for many corporations to work in a multi-cultural society. Most business environment comprise of diverse people. A company is mandated to cope up with these challenges by providing a favourable environment that harmonises all employees and customers to share same goal and mission of the company to help in propelling growth of the company. Some of the corporations have been accused of employing people on the basis of races and ethnic groups. This has led to dilemmas between corporations and communities, who are part of the company as they form part of the market. However, international labour organizations and world trade organization and various governments have enacted laws to ensure balanced employment and equal treatments of communities. For example, United States and other countries in America have enacted laws that advocate for multiculturalism. For example, Canadian Multicultural Act of 1988 allows equal rights for all citizens despite their ethnic or racial background. This has led to many companies in the country to be able to address multicultural issues and thus effectively working in a diverse environment. There has been dilemma between corporate, management and stakeholders such as employees, customers, and communities, which has led to unceasing conflicts and demonstrations agitating for corporations to carry out their operations in ethical manner that respect the rights of the people living within their environments. For example, Shell a royal Dutch petroleum operating in Niger Delta has been accused of polluting the environment and displacing the communities living there by drilling oil reserves. This has affected agriculture in the location, causing problem to more than 27 million people living in the region (Global Exchange, 2014). This has led to demonstrations and continued litigations although with no much success. Coca Cola Company has also received objection in India for its increased drainage of water to communities around the company affecting their agricultural farming that has resulted in many deaths of farmers due to poor crop harvest. This has led to communities through their councils of elders rejecting the company’s plan to expand its boundaries (India Resource Centre, 2013). Political leaders have played major roles in solving these conflicts through enacting laws that confine corporations to protecting environmental and the communities. Other organizations such as international labour organizations (ILO) have enacted laws and policies that protect employees and define how they should be remunerated. This has led to decreased conflicts and dilemma between communities and employees. Increased cometition and cost of production have led to many businesses producing substandard goods that are low in quality without the knowledge of consumers. This has been a means of lowering production cost at the expense of consumers’ rights. This has led to formation of international standard organizations, which measure and accredit companies that produce quality goods. In addition, global consumers’ rights movements have also being formed to agitate for quality goods. However, many companies still produce inferior and goods of poor quality. This is unethical and blame is laid on the top managements of the companies as it the one that is responsible and part of corporate governance as they are aware of the set policies and requirements for quality products and thus it is unethical to release low quality goods to the market. Therefore, it is ethical for companies to produce high quality goods (Fernando, 2009). This has led to increased dilemma between management and customers who have gone to the extent of mass actions advocating for quality products sand some of the corporations being banned from markets where they supply low quality goods. For example Russia banned Ukraine Roshen Corporation from its market arguing of unsatisfying packages and labels that could not meet Russian standards in July 2003 (Roshen, 2014). Russia also argued that the ingredients that Roshen was using was not meeting the standards for confectionary companies thus its (Roshen) products posed a threat to its (Russia) citizen. Conclusion Corporate governance involves directing and controlling all operations of a corporation. Therefore, all unethical issues are as a result of incompetent corporate governance.   Most ethical problems associated by poor corporate governance include evasion of taxes, not meeting their corporate social responsibilities such as environmental protection and unfair wages to employees and production of poor quality goods to maximise their profits. The problems have led to a dilemma between the corporations and stakeholders resulting in mass actions and cases that have caused corporations a lot of money. Political leaders through legal forums such as senate have enacted laws that have directed corporation thus bringing solutions to these dilemmas. References Arjoon, S. (2005). Corporate governance: An ethical perspective. Journal Of Business Ethics, 61 (4), pp. 343–352. Evans, P. (2014, January 31). Corporate tax evasion ‘crackdown’ more bark than bite. CBS. Fà ¡tima, D., & Abreu R. (2013). Tax evasion. Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility. pp. 2497-2503 Fernando, A. C. (2009). Business ethics: an Indian perspective. Prentice Hall. Global Exchange (2014). Global exchange top ten corporate criminals list | Global Exchange. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.globalexchange.org/corporateHRviolators#Shell [Accessed: 9 Apr 2014]. India Resource Centre (2013). Village Councils Reject Coca-Cola Plans, Opposition Grows. Indian Resource Centre [online] Retrieved from: http://www.indiaresource.org/news/2013/1008.html [Accessed: 9 Apr 2014]. Mider Z., R. (2014, January 7). Companies fleeing taxes pay CEOs extra as law backfires. Business week Nakano, C. (2007). The significance and limitations of corporate governance from the perspective of business ethics: towards the creation of an ethical organizational culture. Asian Business & Management, 6 (2), pp. 163–178. Otusanya, O. J., Lauwo, S., & Ajibolade, S. O. (2013). An investigation of corporate executive fraud by CEOs in the Nigerian banking sector. African Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 2(1), 65-89. Pollack, D. (2011). International legal note: salaries of CEOs of international NGOs: Ensuring fair compensation while avoiding populist rage. International Social Work, 54 (4), pp. 599-604. Roshen (2014). ROSHEN Confectionery Corporation statement about the situation at its enterprises in Russia :: Confectionery Corporation Roshen. Tully, S. (2012). International corporate legal responsibility. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International.

Discuss the importance of LOYALTY in Millers Essay

Loyalty is one of the big themes in this play and most people are loyal to each other in the neighborhood, because there are quite a few illegal immigrants living there and working at the piers, so everyone trusts everyone else. This shows loyalty between this neighborhood because no one would snitch on anybody else. Because people understand that life is hard back home and they need the money to help their families, because perhaps there isn’t any work to earn the money they need, so they come to a better country hoping they have a better life there. Eddie and Beatrice are happily married, and live together in an apartment with Beatrice’s niece, Catherine. Beatrice as Eddie’s wife is very loyal and loves Eddie, he also loves Beatrice very much, but he is not as loyal to her as she is to him. I can see this on page 24, when Beatrice says to Eddie, â€Å"When am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie? † I think that Beatrice is insecure about how Eddie feels about her and their marriage. It seems that Eddie is paying more attention to Catherine then Beatrice, because he is worried that Rodolfo is taking Catherine for a ride, but he isn’t, Eddie is just getting worried over nothing, but Beatrice thinks that Eddie may think that she is just jealous, but she is just insecure about the way Eddie really feels about Catherine. Beatrice respects Eddie so much, I can see this because when Eddie is telling Beatrice that nobody will go to that wedding until Marco apologizes to him, on page 61 and Beatrice’s response to this was, â€Å"I cant Katie, I cant†¦ She says this because Eddie had already told her before that if she goes to that wedding then she as well not come back. So Beatrice obviously chose her husband and his wishes, rather than go to her nieces wedding. This proves that Beatrice is loyal and would do anything for Eddie. However, Eddie is not so faithful to Beatrice. Evidence of this is on page 47 when Eddie kisses Catherine on the mouth; I can see that she didn’t want Eddie to do that because the text says, ‘he reaches out suddenly, draws her to him, and as she strives to free herself, he kisses her on the mouth! Then suddenly Rodolfo pulls on Eddies arm and says, â€Å"Don’t! Stop that. Have respect for her. † Rodolfo obviously thinks that what Eddie is doing is wrong and he is trying to stop him. Like I mentioned before, Catherine lives in the same apartment as Eddie, and they get along really well, in fact a little to well. Catherine is a 17 year old young woman, she wants to prove to people that she isn’t a little girl anymore, but Eddie is having some trouble believing that. For example on page 5, Catherine comes in wearing her new skirt and shows it of to Eddie. He likes it but he doesn’t want other boys to see her wearing that and so he says to her, â€Å"you’re a baby, you don’t understand these things. † Eddie is saying that she can’t be going out wearing short skirts, high heels and ‘walking wavy’. He is only looking out for Catherine. Beatrice has also realized that Catherine is still acting like a little girl in front Eddie. Beatrice says to Catherine on page 30, â€Å"†¦ like you sit on the bathtub talkin’ to him when he’s shaving, in his underwear. † Beatrice is trying to explain to Catherine that she can’t still be doing that, because Beatrice knows that Catherine is trying to show everyone that she is independent, but Catherine doesn’t seem to understand because Beatrice says to her again on page 30, â€Å"but if you act like a baby, then he be treain’ you like a baby. Like when he comes home sometimes you throw yourself at him like when you was 12 years old! † This shows that Beatrice is really trying to tell Catherine that she has to stop acting like that in front of Eddie, because she isn’t 12 years old anymore, she is nearly 18 years old. This links in quite well with the meaning of this play because; Catherine wants Eddie to have enough faith in her, to let her go to do whatever she wants. Another character who is part of this is, Rodolfo. He and his brother, Marco, are illegal immigrants from Italy. They are Beatrice’s cousins and who have come over to America to work and earn some money to send back home, for their poor families. From the first time Rodolfo met Catherine he really liked her, and as Catherine got to know Rodolfo, she began to like him, a lot. Eddie soon realizes that there is something going on between Catherine and Rodolfo, because they are going out a lot together and coming home late. Eddie feels jealousy towards Rodolfo because he feels like Catherine is never at home anymore and she is always out with Rodolfo. Eddie is obviously jealous of Rodolfo, and he doesn’t really like him as much as he did, this is because Eddie thinks that all Rodolfo wants is his papers so he could stay in America and become an American citizen. This is not true at all, Rodolfo and Catherine are in love and that is why they want to get married. When Eddie found this out he really didn’t know what to do, but he did know that he wasn’t going to attend their wedding! This made Catherine really upset and she felt as thought she had lost her faith in Eddie, because he can’t be happy for her; whoever she would be with. This brings me to a different character in the play, someone who is very trustworthy and loyal. Alfieri is a lawyer and so he knows everyone in the neighborhood and their problems. Everyone always comes to Alfieri because he is a very honest and fair man, who people respect. From the first moment Eddie started to feel ‘bad’ about the whole Catherine and Rodolfo situation, he straight away turned to Alfieri, because Eddie knew he could tell Alfieri anything; even if it’s nothing to do with the law. When Eddie is talking to Alfieri on page 31, Eddie had explained the whole situation to Alfieri asked Eddie if there is a question of law somewhere and he also added, â€Å"Because there is nothing illegal about a girl falling in love with an immigrant. † But Eddie is convinced that all Rodolfo wants is his papers, Alfieri said to Eddie that he doesn’t know that but Eddie is determined for Catherine not to be with Rodolfo. As the conversation draws to an end, Alfieri says to Eddie on page 34, â€Å"†¦ let her go. That’s my advice. You did your job, now it’s her life. † Alfieri is trying to help Eddie saying that there is nothing he can do just wish her luck and let her go. Eddie thanks Alfieri; this shows trust between Eddie and Alfieri because even though Eddie doesn’t like Alfieri’s advice, he still tells him he won’t do anything, because there is nothing he can do. But later on Eddie betrays Alfieri’s trust and he calls the immigration bureau. On page 50 he says, â€Å"I want to report something. Illegal immigrants. Two of them. That’s right. † He also tells them the address and that he is just around the neighborhood. But when they start to question him further, he hangs up. There is also a lot of trust between the neighborhood and people seem to get along quite well. But when Eddie found out that there are two more illegal immigrants living upstairs with Marco and Rodolfo, who are Lipari the butchers nephews, he realizes that he just snitched on them as well as Marco and Rodolfo. Now he is scared because Lipari the butcher’s families are very hot headed and he will be in trouble when Lipari finds out Eddie snitched on them. So when the immigration officers show up on Eddie’s door Beatrice is shocked because she realizes what Eddie had done and she is ashamed with Eddie, because she never thought he would actually do that. The immigration officers start to search the apartment, they found no one, and so they run upstairs. Soon they come back down with Marco, Rodolfo and the two strange immigrants; Catherine follows down, suddenly Marco breaks from the group and dashes into the room and faces Eddie, Marco spits in Eddies face and shouts, â€Å"that one! I accuse that one! † Marco wants the whole neighborhood to know that Eddie was the man who snitched them up and Eddie was the man who snitched them up and Eddie tries to explain himself on page 58 but Lipari turns away with his arm around his wife, and they walk away, Eddie shouts â€Å"for Christ’s sake! I kept them, I gave them the blankets off my bed! † by saying this he is still trying to explain himself to everyone, but they just turn away and walk off, even his close friends, Louis and Mike. Eddie now learns how important trust is and he also realizes that the neighborhood has lost their trust and loyalty in him. In conclusion I have found out that in this play there is a lot of trust and loyalty between; Catherine and Eddie and Rodolfo, Beatrice and Eddie, and Alfieri and Eddie, but in the end there is not so much trust between Eddie and the neighborhood, more like betrayal. In that neighborhood there are quite a few immigrants working on the piers, but people keep it to themselves, because no one wants to snitch. This proves there is trust between everyone in the neighborhood. I think that Miller’s point of this play was to, actually make people realize that life isn’t just all happy endings but there are some issues which need to be talked about, like trust and loyalty in a illegal immigrant environment. I think this quote I got from the back of the book explains my point, â€Å"all the plays that I was trying to write were plays that would grab the audience by the throat and not release them, rather than presenting an emotion which you could observe and walk away. † – Arthur Miler.

muckrakers essays

muckrakers essays Muckraking was a powerful journalistic force, whose supporters made it become so. Muckraking was the practice of writers and critics exposing corrupt politicians and business practices. President Theodore Roosevelt made the term "muck-raker" popular. He once said The man with the muck-rake, the man who could look no way but downward with the muck-rake in his hands; who was offered a celestial crown for his muckrake, but who would neither look up nor regard the crown he was offered, but continued to rake himself the filth of the floor. Some, like Roosevelt viewed methods of muckrakers such as Ida Tarbell, Ray S. Baker, Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair as these types of people. Others saw these muckraking methods as perfectly acceptable for fighting against the industrial powerhouses. Either way, these muckrakers worked hard to arouse sentiment in the hearts of the public (Reiger 1). Muckraking actually began long before the years of 1900-1902, when the muckraking movement is credited to have begun. Jesus was probably the first muckraker. Years later, Martin Luther exposed the corruptness of the Catholic Church. Also, early Abolitionist worksStowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Helper's The Impending Crisis used muckraking to get a point across. However, events during the 1890s most directly paved the way for the critiques and exposures of existing conditions. This period was able to reach a limited upper class and the muckrakers were able to expand appeal to the average middle class citizen (Reiger 49-50). One reason for the outspread of muckraking was the explosion of journalism. From 1870-1909 the number of daily newspapers circulated boomed from 574 to 2,600 and the number of subscribers from 2,800,000 to 24,800,000. With this increase, newspaper owners and editors needed new bait to reel in its subscribers. The newspaper editors wanted to replace ordinary town gossip with gossip about the latest events of the city. Therefor...

50 Synonyms and Idioms for Give

50 Synonyms and Idioms for Give 50 Synonyms and Idioms for â€Å"Give† 50 Synonyms and Idioms for â€Å"Give† By Mark Nichol It’s better to give than to receive, and it’s easier to precisely describe giving than receiving, thanks to numerous synonyms for give. Here are dozens of them, with connotative definitions. 1. Accord: to give what is due 2. Administer: to give medication, to perform a religious ritual, or to carry out a punishment 3. Afford: to give in a manner consistent with the giver, usually something inanimate (for example, â€Å"The complication afforded us additional time to prepare†) 4. Allot: to give a portion or share, or by lottery 5. Apportion: to give in shares 6. Award: to give something that is deserved 7. Bestow: to give as a gift, with the possible connotation of condescension 8. Chip in: see contribute 9. Comp: to give something free that is normally paid for (a truncation of complimentary) 10. Confer: to give graciously 11. Contribute: to give among other providers or supporters 12. Convey: to give something originating from one party to another party 13. Deliver: to give something to the intended recipient 14. Devote: to give something useful or valuable 15. Dispense: see administer and allot 16. Dish out: to give criticism; also see administer and allot 17. Distribute: to give to a number of recipients 18. Dole (out): to give in small amounts 19. Donate: to give to an organization or other entity as an act of charity 20. Endow: to give an income to someone, or to give money for long-term maintenance or support 21. Endue (or indue): see endow and provide 22. Extend: to give so as to make available; see also proffer 23. Fork over (or fork out or fork up): to give money 24. Furnish: see provide and supply 25. Grant: to give consent or to concede; see also bestow and transfer 26. Hand down: to give an inheritance, either of material goods or of characteristics 27. Hand out: to distribute 28. Hand over: to give something intended for or due to another 29. Impart: to give from a supply 30. Kick in: see contribute 31. Lavish: to give generously 32. Mete (out): see dole (out) 33. Offer: to make available, or to give an exhibition or performance 34. Pay: to give in exchange for a product or a service, or to give or forfeit as penalty, or to give something intangible such as attention 35. Pitch in: see contribute 36. Present: to give in a ceremonial or formal manner 37. Produce: see offer 38. Proffer: see offer and tender 39. Provide: to make available 40. Pungle (up): see contribute and pay 41. Render: to give in return or retribution; see also administer, deliver, pay, and yield 42. Reward: to give in return for a service 43. Sacrifice: to give something at a loss or to give something for a belief or an ideal or for a purpose 44. Supply: see provide 45. Tender: to give something that is to be accepted 46. Transfer: see convey 47. Transmit: see convey 48. Volunteer: to give services freely 49. Vouchsafe: to give a reply, or to grant as a favor or privilege; see also bestow 50. Yield: to give as is appropriate or required, or to surrender oneself or a possession Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?Prepositions to Die With

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political Science - Essay Example In China, with many people at the government level being strongly influenced by the controlling socialist traditions and forces, it might be difficult for them to accept democratic change. It is thought that the generation currently in the government and main controlling bodies will eventually pass out of power. There is a chance then the controlling bodies will change their way of thinking. However, the people in China’s society will not pass on so soon, and it is their views that would certainly count in the development of a democratic state (Brook & Frolic, 1997, 25-28). Though opposing forces among the people are neo-authoritarianism and neo-conservatism, the general mood is pro-democracy. One positive aspect of the people’s views is that, over the past 15 to 20 years, the youth has largely been in favor of democratization. One example of democratic expression by youth was observed at Tienaman Square. Here, in the early 1990s, students in China assembled to carry out a protest, but were dispersed when the forces came down harshly on them and massacred many. This was certainly a black day for chances of democratizing China (Brook & Frolic, 1997, 25-28). Since this incident was not so long ago, people wonder what the government’s mood towards democracy really is. However, since the gruesome incident at Tienaman Square there have been positive changes as well (Ding, 2002, 25-31). One positive change regarding democratizing China is highlighted by China’s entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO). This means that international democratic trade law applies to China like it does to other member countries of the WTO. The manner in which China is protected under trade law like other democratic countries is a positive sign (Bhattasali & Martin, 2004, 22-30). Under the WTO agreement, China now allows countries to introduce their products in China, and importers in China operate with more liberty now. Also, China

Code of Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Code of Ethics - Assignment Example 4. Free competition The banking and finance industry believes that free and fair competition is the basis of the free market economic system and avoids collusive, anti-competitive discussions and/or agreements with competitors. 7. Conflict of interest: private business interests. Employees who are the bank or financial institution employees owe their devotion to their employer. They must avoid participating in any decision, by or on behalf of their bank, which may affect any private business in which they have an interest unless they have disclosed the nature and extent of that interest to a relevant superior in the bank or financial institution. 8. Conflicts of interest: citizenship duties. "Banking employees who discharge citizenship responsibility through membership of public or quasi-public decision-making bodies (school boards, town councils, etc.) should be alert to possible conflicts of interest and declare any such conflict" (Frederick 157). 9. Customer privacy and employer information. ... 8. Conflicts of interest: citizenship duties. "Banking employees who discharge citizenship responsibility through membership of public or quasi-public decision-making bodies (school boards, town councils, etc.) should be alert to possible conflicts of interest and declare any such conflict" (Frederick 157). 9. Customer privacy and employer information. Employees must respect their employer's obligation to protect the confidentiality of customers' affairs. Similar respect must be paid to the privacy of fellow employees. In addition, certain information about the bank's or financial institution's plans, methods, and activities is considered by the employer to be proprietary and confidential and members must not disclose such information without proper sanction. 10. Inside information about the employers' affairs or those of customers shall not be used by employees for their own gain, or for that of others. The bank requires a heist level of confidentiality. 11. Employees are obliged to report any illegal behavior and actions. 12. Employees are obliged to report any illegal behavior and actions. 13. Banking employees shall not use their employment status to seek personal gain from those doing business or seeking to do business with their employer, nor accept such gain if offered. 14. Social responsibility Employees who are managers should give full consideration not only to traditional financial factors but also likely economic and social effects of their decisions (Frederick 154-155).

Negotiation brief Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiation brief - Assignment Example Despite the fact that the Georgia economy has withstood the 2008 war, the aftermath difficulties are causing challenges to the economy. There has been damage in the general environment, infrastructure, and loss of settlements. The war has been a threat to the Georgia banking sector and the national currency stability. The Russian occupation forces in august 2008 had a great effect on the banking systems as the account owners began to withdraw their money from the banks. Within a short period of time, entities and individual had withdrawn not less than half billion U.S. dollars. The big issue with this act was; after the war only small amount of withdrawn money had been deposited back to the banks (Ted, 2008, 71). To deal with some of the challenges that have emerged as a result of the war, the government should be on the first line. The government should increase its spending on the internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Georgia who have been seriously affected by the Russian aggression. This should be through construction of shelters for the IDPs. Although this has led to revival in the economy due to increased demand for the labor and construction materials, it has some negative effects. The negative effects arises due to that, it is the government that is purchasing the materials and labor, and not the private entities, which in turn has lead to increase of the inflation rate within a very short period of time. With the government spending on the distribution of vouchers to IDPs to settle down the electricity and gas bill also will put more pressure to on the increasing inflation rate. There is no shortcut to this as the government must settle the social problems affecting the IDPs in Geo rgia. This will take place in the expense of increasing inflation rate. In Georgia, the foreign direct investment has gone down significantly. The reason to this is that, the investors

The Elements of Class Conflict in Pakistan

The Elements of Class Conflict in Pakistan 1.1 Overview of the Topic Income distribution is a frequency distribution showing number of persons, taxpayers or households classified by levels of income. The unequal distribution of income is a major issue in many countries, mostly in developing countries and in Pakistan it has been a burning since its birth. As the inequality in the distribution rises, it divides the population into small groups with various differences among them, thus fueling a conflict between them. The conflict arises due to difference in the income patterns, employment patterns, wage rates, difference in resources symbolic or material, social status etc. the difference in the lifestyle, wage rates, and the job opportunities in the rural and urban cities of Pakistan cause class conflict, as people living in various locations belong to different income groups. Feudal culture in Pakistan is among the major reasons of class conflict. Landlords have made monopolies which have increased the disparities among the various classes living. Cla ss conflict is a serious problem which causes violent activities such as high crime. Unfortunately our government has been unable to solve this problem of uneven distribution of income, as they themselves are enjoying the class difference existing in our country. Over the past year this conflict has been boiling and will eventually erupt one day. With this segregation of the population into various classes, social gaps have increased and people have become more accustomed to other people who are of similar stature in the society. This is one of the major issues Pakistan is facing, unity among the population is a challenge to the government of Pakistan, but it all trickles down to the fact that the people who are causing this unequal distribution of income are the ones who are leading us. Over the past years, the income distribution in Pakistan has adopted an uneven trend, meaning that there is no significant increase or decrease, thus the notion that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer, and the result of this is a growing conflict among the various classes that exist in our society today. Other factors such as corruption also play a vital role in this unequal distribution of income, not only at higher levels but at the smallest and lowest level of the society as well. 1.2 Background Information Since Pakistan came into being, the income distribution has been a serious issue. During the time of partition, many people were stripped of their lands, properties, valuables and other financial assets. The unequal distribution of income we are experiencing today has its roots from the time of the partition of India and Pakistan. Feudalism in those days was at its peak and remnants of it can still be seen in the modern society. Many powerful feudal lords claimed lands by force from people who were financially or socially weak, thus the wealth became concentrated and its effects can be seen today in our society, as the unequal distribution of income. Even today, many influential people such as politicians and local feudal lords all around Pakistan are in control of the major chunk of the income that is generated and flows through the economy, which is why Pakistan also faces extreme poverty. Pakistan has experienced an uneven trend in the distribution of income in the past years, as there is no significant trend of increase or decrease. This uneven pattern of income distribution has been the root cause of the division of the population into various classes on the basis of income inequalities. During the early years of Pakistan, the population was less divided, but with the passage of time and the uneven trend of the income inequality has caused the population to be divided into upper, middle and lower classes based on different employment patterns, wage rates, households, social status and limited resources etc. The formation of these classes has led to the widening of the social gaps between the people and has also led to social exclusion of people belonging to different classes. This has been a common practice in history that people belonging to a similar group or stratum, tend to socialize more i.e. people who share common resources either symbolic or material in nature tend to form stratums. As the general population is divided into these stratums, belief a nd ideals change, thus a conflict arises due to these changing ideals. Over the past years, since the birth of Pakistan, this conflict between the different classes has been slowly boiling and has erupted into a class conflict based on income disparity. 1.3 Importance of the Study With Respect To the World The problem of unequal distribution of income exists in almost every country around the world, from the weakest to the strongest economies of the world; income disparity is clear and present. It is also one of the major problems that developing countries face and if not contained in due time, it paves the way for many other problems which are either directly or indirectly linked with it. One of these problems is the class conflict that arises due to income inequality among the general population. The relevance of this problem can be best understood with an example of East and West Germany. In World War II the Allies occupied West Germany and the Soviets occupied East Germany. The border between the two Germanys was famously known as the Berlin Wall. Since the corporate and industrial might of the Allies was far superior compared to the Soviets at that time, the Allies started injecting billions of dollars in the economy of West Germany, resulting in higher living standards and plenti ful jobs for the people. In stark contrast the jobs and living standards in East Germany were inferior, resulting in constant unrest which ultimately substantiated into a major class conflict. Thus throughout the world, we see many similar cases where the major chunk of the economy is concentrated at a singular point, that is the elite or the ruling class, leaving the lower classes with little or no financial assets. Concentration fuels the class conflict in a society and ultimately damages a nation as a whole. The inequality in the distribution is caused by many relevant factors, such as inflation, foreign direct investment, remittances, trade, corruption, feudalism etc. and these are all present in almost every society of the world. Thus the significance of this study cannot be denied with respect to the world. 1.4 Importance of Study With Respect To Pakistan Since Pakistans Inception, the Populace has been plagued with the diabolical issue of income distribution. The seriousness of this issue cannot be denied, since it has been the root cause of constant upheaval in the society in general and also the catalyst of constant unrest, distrust and sometimes violent protests. In other words we have been compromised in a never ending stalemate, since there is no significant trend of increase or decrease of income distribution in Pakistan, thus this kind of uneven trend is giving rise to undesirable hybrid classes based upon this income inequality. The initiation of such classes has led to an avalanche of prejudice, discrimination and more disturbingly, exclusion of significant amount of people from the nucleus of the society. It has also led to the formation of different stratums among the people. With the passage of time this horrendous social exclusion, disparity and discrimination has manifested into an ugly class conflict amongst the people we see today in Pakistan. The mere presence of various classes based on improper income distribution is evidence of its existence. The increasing social gap, distrust and lack of communication between the people, nourishes the problem of income distribution and provides sustenance for its future. The prevailing feudal culture in Pakistan is also one of the major catalysts of the unequal distribution of income in Pakistan. The most influential people or the ruling class has the most concentration of resources; they also include the politicians of Pakistan who are responsible for making policies against this burning issue. Inflation is another factor contributing to the lowering of the purchasing power of the lower classes, which in turn induces a conflict among the general public, as inflation hits hard on the lower classes and has little effect on the elite class. All the foreign investment and the remittances are also controlled by the upper or elite class, thus the flow of money in the economy is limited to a set number of influential or powerful people, while the majority of the population is deprived even the basic necessities of life. 1.5 Research Question The elements of class conflict in Pakistan. The problem of class conflict is justified with the increasing gaps between the populations of Pakistan. Various classes exist due to this income disparity. It is due to this income disparity among the people different classes are formed. Thus, there is a clear and present conflict between the classes in our society. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The review of existing literature in the current study area of the income distribution patterns and the class conflict in Pakistan will help in appraising additional information on the subject matter and help in establishing a better understanding of the research that is to be undertaken. Hasan (2002) made a study on the emerging trends of Pakistans upper or elite class which is under heavy influence of the west. The post Bhutto era changed all the pervious trends that the ruling class observed. The elite class now has separated itself from the middle and lower classes and with it, has also lost the trend to use public services. They are more inclined to private services and they are the ones who are embedded deep in Pakistans political lobby. They reflect the countrys politics, society and the culture as well. Today, Pakistans elite class enjoys the most as income and money is no object to them, they go abroad for vacations and education whereas the majority of the population has little to eat. This gives rise to a class conflict between the general populations and thus differences are uplifted. Y. So (1991) studied the causes of stratification among people. The author focuses on the study of politics and history in accordance with the class struggle. The author makes the analysis based on three major components, the conditions of class struggle, the entire process of class struggle and the consequences that follow the class struggle both on micro as well as the macro level. By incorporating class struggle into the process stratification theory, the author opens up new a horizon for the analysis. The stratification theory groups people according to income distribution. People possessing similar characteristics form social groups or classes which give rise to social gaps. The Neo-Marxist theory focuses on the production sphere and is the advocate of conflict between the emerging classes. The aim of this study was to analyze the formation of different classes. The study looks at the various forms of class struggle and the ways in which classes are formed with special reference to reasons and causes of this phenomenon. Strasser (1980) argues that there two principles which are involved in the social inequality, stratum and class formation. It is intended to substantiate the work by comparing the claims of the functional theory of social stratification and to uncover the frame of reference that underlies the analysis of social inequality in a society. The author calls attention to the recent finding of his time in anthropology and ethnology to further explain his thesis and looks at various theories of social inequality, functional, conservative and progressive. Stratum is a group of people sharing common characteristics such as income, occupation, status etc. Socialization is the major cause of the formation of various stratums. People belonging to a similar background tend to socialize more between themselves rather than with people who are different from them. Social inequality among the various classes takes the form of unequal distribution of resources. These resources either symbolic or materi al are responsible for the conflict among classes. Classes are formed as a result of grouping of similar people belonging to specific interests, whereas strata are formed due to similar lifestyles of various people. Rashid (1985) examines the feudal culture that has existed since Pakistans birth and even now this culture prevails as many of the ruling elites and politicians are among them. Land reforms are imperative for a country like Pakistan, but the people who are responsible for the implementation are the ones who benefit the most out of land. The policy makers and the people who implement the policies are in the politics, and these people compromise the majority of the landlords here in Pakistan. Landlords enjoy the fruits of other peoples hard work which belong to the lower classes that tend to the lands which are not of their own. This tense relationship of worker and master gives rise to a class conflict which will erupt one day. The government is not trying to balance out this unequal distribution of land among the people. There is concentration of all the wealth of the land to one ruling class. Chandra (1972) stated that since the earliest beginning, Pakistan has been dominated by the ruling class. The author gives a complete assessment of the class character of West Pakistan. Even the Muslim League consisted majority of two classes, the Zamindars and the traders, both of which belong to the upper or elite classes of that time. The study aims at living conditions of the lower or working class, which are still the same even after such a long time. There has not been any significant improvement in the living conditions nor other important sectors for these poor people, even though they comprise the majority of the total population of Pakistan. There has been a significant development in the industrial and the private sector, i.e., inflow of foreign investment, but to no avail, the landlords and the capitalists are only the ones who enjoy the fruits of life, as they comprise all the heavy investors in both the sectors. Landlords have made monopolies, and by doing so the dispar ities among the classes have further increased ever since. Crenshaw and Ameen (1993) in their study of the different dimensions of social inequality in the third world, reveal that the modernization and the ecological-evolutionary theories provide more evidence regarding the social inequality than the either the dependency/world systems or the urban bias theory. They provide a cross national assessment of the determinants of income inequality. They also shed light on the various conclusions that can be drawn from various theories. Injection of foreign capital provides opportunities for some people, but it also widens the gap as many people are unable to capitalize on the certain amount of capital. Thus only the people who are strongly embedded and/or in the mainstream, are the ones who are able to capitalize. The analysis point towards the economic growth and the development of the rural areas to reduce mortality and stabilize the income inequality. Ahmed (1996) in his study comments that in a rapidly progressing world, ethnic, religious and social conflicts are tearing states apart not only in the developed world, but also in the lesser developed third world countries. Pakistan is divided into many ethnic groups according to the author, the largest group being the Punjabis, who comprise mainly of the upper and middle classes. However social inequality in rampant in the whole country as there are small pockets of people who have similar access to resources, thus forming various ethnic groups and/or classes, which include Sindhi, Pushtoon and Balochi people, who are less developed and less embedded. Even though Pakistan is rapidly growing but there are elements that hinder the growth of people and inhibit potential factors which work to decrease this chasm between the people of Pakistan. National integration is a desirable goal but it has caused a lot of problems in the past, such as oppression. Even if national equity is promote d and there is harmony among the different groups, there would yet be emerging ideas of different stances, and this time around would have an adverse effect. Bulir (2001) made a study using the traditional Kuznets model. Inflation reduces the purchasing power of the poor people; it also tends to decrease the general income thus increasing social gaps. The government can tax the rich to cover the gap but there are only a few honest taxpayers as opposed to the number of poor people in Pakistan. This ignites a certain conflict among the people, as a certain image is developed for the tax evaders, who are mostly the ruling class or the elites. People belonging to the lower class are hit heavily by inflation, as they are already short on resources, and after further reduction in their purchasing power, they are forced to corruption. Lower inflation rates, in addition to the level of development and fiscal redistribution are found to improve income equality and their impact is uniform for all levels of GDP per capita, thus low inflation rates improve the income inequality. Level of development; state employment, fiscal redistribution, and price stability are found to improve income inequality in a given country. The positive impact of price stability on income distribution is nonlinear. When inflation is reduced from hyperinflationary levels, there is a significant reduction in the income inequality also, while if it is decreased further, then there are small gains in the countrys gini coefficient. Kentor (2001) observed the effects of globalization on the income distribution, population growth and the economic development. The goal was to develop the linkage between them, and it is evident that they are inter-related parts of a complex system of unequal economic, social and political relationships. Globalization has effects on the income inequality and income distribution, but there are no properly demarked good or bad effects to it. Where there is a negative effect of globalization on the per capita GNP growth, there is also a positive impact on the trade openness. Policies should be made according to the given circumstances at hand, not by prediction. Hussain, Sharif, Hasan (2009) studied the impacts of openness of trade, FDI and remittances on the income distribution and the income inequality in Pakistan. Increased openness of trade leads to economic growth which reduces poverty and makes income distribution more equal. Trade liberalization has been a factor in reducing the income distribution as there is a significant increase in the total trade over the past years. Pakistan has also reduced tariffs from 200% to only 25%. Studies show that FDI has a positive effect on income distribution, but owing to the unstable political and economic conditions it has not risen considerably. FDI was restricted to only few areas but since it opened up to the industrial sector, Pakistan has witnessed a considerable amount of increase in FDI (poor in the 70s and began rising in the 80s). However the extent of FDI had good effects on income distribution in Pakistan. Remittances, also play a vital role in the economy, Pakistan had high remittances through the 70s and 80s but saw a decline after that, yet after 2000, Pakistan again saw rapid increase in the remittances, Pakistan is trying to open up the economy by privatization. This will ultimately cause growth in the economy and reduce poverty and equalize the income inequality. Thus their study revealed that the income inequality in Pakistan follows an uneven pattern, meaning that there is no significant increase or decrease. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Type My Research falls under the category of a quantitative research. I gathered data and put it through a series of statistical techniques to prove the hypothesis derived in the research 3.2 Data Type and Research Period My Research was done by using the primary data. Primary data was collected to study the class conflict, as no historical data is currently available. Questionnaire provided me with relevant information to conduct the research 3.3 Sources of Data A questionnaire was floated asking general questions related to the issue of class conflict in Pakistan 3.4 Theoretical Framework 3.5 Variables Definitions Inequality The degree to which the distribution of economic welfare generated in an economy differs from that if equal shares among its inhabitants (Dictionary of Economics, Graham Bannock) Stratum Division of people according to some variable Feudalism A European system flourishing between 800-1400 based upon fixed relations of lord to vassal (www.thefreedictionary.com) Income Distribution The various levels of income existing within a given population (Dictionary of Economics, Graham Bannock) Class Conflict Conflict between different classes in a community resulting from different social or economic positions and reflecting opposed interests (www.dictionary.reference.com) Income Disparity In economic context, it refers to the difference in wages of people 3.6 Population, Working Population and Planned Sample The questionnaire was completed by 50 people of Lahore. Questionnaire asked questions regarding the social class conflict existing in our society. 3.7 Research Hypothesis H0: Class conflict is caused due to income disparity H1: Class conflict is not caused due to income disparity H0: Social gaps and social exclusion lead to the class conflict H1: Social gaps and social exclusion does not lead to class conflict H0: Division of stratums is a major reason for class conflict. H1: Division of stratums is not a major reason for class conflict. H0: There are social gaps between the various classes in Pakistan H1: There are no social gaps between the various classes in Pakistan 3.8 Techniques For the analysis of the data collected, the statistical technique of regression was used to build and establish linkages between the variables used in the research and finally deriving the conclusion from the results of the regression analysis. 3.9 Data Analysis The statistical software Mini tab was used to apply the regression technique to analyze the data. The software provided with graphs, tables and charts after running regression. 3.10 Data interpretation The data was interpreted using the regression results. Based on the current analysis the main aim of the study was to understand which element was the major one of class conflict. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Results Multiple Regression Analysis Dependent variable: Class Conflict Standard T Parameter Estimate Error Statistic P-Value CONSTANT -0.0519046 0.421089 -0.123263 0.9024 Income Disparity 0.24955 0.122053 2.04461 0.0466 Socialization 0.753118 0.148753 5.06289 0.0000 Stratification 0.0101818 0.092964 0.109524 0.9133 Analysis of Variance Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value - Model 4.90069 3 1.63356 10.81 0.0000 Residual 6.95066 46 0.151101 Total (Corr.) 11.8514 49 R-squared = 61.3514 percent R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 57.5264 percent Standard Error of Est. = 0.388717 Mean absolute error = 0.318889 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.52396 Class Conflict = -0.0519046 + 0.24955*Income Disparity +0.753118*Socialization + 0.0101818*Stratification 4.2 Findings Analysis The regression model describes the relationship of socialization, stratification and income disparity with class conflict. It explains how socialization, stratification and income disparity affect class conflict. As we can see from the above equation that income disparity, socialization and stratification is directly linked with class conflict as all three variables have a positive relationship. Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.01, there is a statistically significant relationship between the class conflict and the 3 independent variables at the 99% confidence level. The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 61.3514% of the variability in Class Conflict. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 57.5264%. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be 0.388717. This value can be used to construct prediction limits for new observations by selecting the Reports option from the text menu. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.318889 is the average value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based on the order in which they occur in the data file. Since the DW value is greater than 1.4, there is probably not any serious auto correlation in the residuals. In the model the highest p-value on the independent variables is 0.9133, belonging to stratification. Since the p-value is greater or equal to 0.10, so this variable is not significant at the 90% confidence level. Therefore, we can say that stratification have little and no effect on the dependent variable, class conflict. Questionnaire was floated by various people including students and professors of my university i.e. Lahore School of Economics, Doctors working in CMH hospital, Students of LMDC, Shop keepers of H-Block market DHA and people working as drivers and cooks in my colony. The main purpose of getting questionnaire filled from people belonging to various income groups was to clearly study and understand the relationship of socialization, stratification and income disparity with the class conflict issue. The only limitation of doing this primary research was that the sample size of 50 people was very low in order to draw a conclusion as the topic is very wide and each and every individual has his/her own views on the class conflict topic. Overall people surveyed, were of the view that class conflict did exist in our society and gave rise to problems such as income disparity and it divided the population into various stratums. 4.3 Hypothesis testing H0: Class conflict is caused due to income disparity H1: Class conflict is not caused due to income disparity As the results show the p-value of income disparity to be 0.0466 which is less than 0.05 thus we accept Ho at 95% confidence interval. This means that income disparity causes class conflict. According to the respondents, class conflict is a result of the income disparities as these days in Pakistan the rich are getting richer day by day and the poor are getting poorer. Class conflict is dependent upon income disparities. H0: There are social gaps between the various classes in Pakistan H1: There are no social gaps between the various classes in Pakistan The p-value of the information in the regression analysis is 0.0000. As the p-value is less than ÃŽÂ ± which is 0.05, we accept the null hypothesis and say that social gaps do exist between the various classes in Pakistan. It should be noted that the p-value is very small and is significant. Majority of the respondents were of the view that social gaps are present in the various classes of Pakistan. H0: Social gaps and social exclusion lead to the class conflict H1: Social gaps and social exclusion does not lead to class conflict The p-value of socialization in the regression analysis is 0.000 which is less than 0.05 we accept Ho at 95% confidence level. This means that social gaps led to the problem of class conflict. Majority of people said that wide social gaps and differences and social exclusion led to class conflict. They were of the view that this separation between the classes will lead to a major conflict among the general public in Pakistan. H0: Division of stratums is a major reason for class conflict. H1: Division of stratums is a major reason for class conflict. In the regression analysis we can see that the p-value of stratification is 0.9133 which is greater than 0.05 thus we reject the null hypothesis at 95% confidence level. This means that stratification is not a major reason of the class conflict problem. One of the limitations behind this result could be that the sample size is very small, which is in sufficient to draw a conclusion regarding stratification and its relationship with class conflict. Conclusion From the above argument, it is concluded that there is a marked class conflict in the population of Pakistan based on the unequal distribution of income in Pakistan. Corrupt officials, low number of honest taxpayers and resistance to change are some of the factors which contribute to fuel this ongoing conflict among the people. Pakistan is also facing a great threat from security point of view as well as inefficient monetary policies, which also hinders economic growth. Hence the people are divided into the various groups mentioned in the paper, according to difference in income, status, amount of resources and other contributing factors. According to the results, stratification among the people does not hold much importance, but it is a minor contributing factor in the class conflict. Socialization, however is an important variable in the class conflict, people of similar backgrounds belong to a similar type of social status tend to socialize more than people belonging to other clas ses. This is a common practice that people with similar resources either material or symbolic will from a social group and tend to exclude people who are different from them.